الصناعات النفطية وآثارها التنموية في جنوب العراق
أطروحة تقدم بها
حميد عطية عبد الحسين الجوراني
إلى مجلس كلية الآداب - جامعة البصرة
وهي جزء من متطلبات نيل درجة دكتوراه فلسفة في الجغرافيا
بإشراف
الأستاذ الدكتور
كاظم عبد الوهاب حسن الأسدي
1433هـ 2012م
Petroleum Industries and theirEffects on Development inSouthern Iraq
A thesis
Submitted to the council of the College of Arts , University of Basrah in partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Degree of
Ph .D. in Geography
By
Hameed Atya Abdul Hussein Al – Jorani
Supervisor
Prof. Kadhim Abdul wahab Hassan AL–Asady
(Ph. D)
2012 A.D - 1433A.H
Abstract
Located the study area in the southern part of Iraq (Basra, Maysan, Dhi Qar) on an area of (48,042) km 2 and forms (11%) of the area of total Iraq of amounted to (434,128) km 2, and that this area contains the natural resources the most important crude oil and gas normal with an estimated oil reserve where b (192 143) million barrels distributed in (28) oil fields, including (15) oil fields productive and contain known reserves of oil estimated at (82.380) million barrels up to the 2009 accounts for 71.6% of the total proven reserves of Iraq of amounted to (115) billion barrels. And also contains large quantities of natural gas reserves associated with crude oil up to (1802) billion M3 by 56.8% of the total reserves of Iraq (3170) billion M3.
The study aimed to clarifying the role of oil industries in the development in the south of Iraq, and monitoring development indicators of occurring in the Maritime Transport (Oil Tankers Co.), and land transport (transport of oil products and the workers in the oil industries), and the sanitary and , educational aspects, and the amounts spent on the purchase of water and electricity. The study also aimed at clarifying the impact of the development of oil industries in southern Iraq, on the standard of living of people through employment on permanent and temporary scales, and the provide housing for workers and entertainment facilities for than and their families and the rest of the population, along with other development indicators brought about by the oil industries in southern Iraq.
The study concluded the correlation of industrial production and technical and service between the oil industry in southern Iraq as well as with other industries in central and northern Iraq through the mutual benefit between the companies' products such as crude oil and natural gas, which the company of the Southern Oil and Maysan Oil the South Refineries Company and Southern Gas as well as provide of other key material in petrochemicals, fertilizers, power plants to benefit from products other companies have created .
The emergence of oil industry in the development in southern Iraq by monitoring indicators of development taking place in health, education and labor and their monthly income and the provision of housing, as well as the varying geographic effects of the development caused by the oil industry in the provinces of the south, is because most of these industries are located in the province, as well as a variation in the impact of development for each oil company especially on the service sector in the establishment and development of infrastructure in the provinces of southern Iraq and in particular the province of Basra.
The study has com out with the following results :
1- The oil industry to the periods of deterioration due to wars fought by Iraq, as well as the economic blockade imposed by the United Nations and chaos in economic sectors including the oil sector after the 2003 war, affecting the instability of crude oil production and fluctuation, when it had reached a peak rate (3.5) million barrels per day in December 1979 before the Iran-Iraq war, fell to the rate of (1.2) million barrels per day in 1984 and then rose before August 1990 to (2.785) million barrels per day and then decreased to the rate of (2) million barrels per day After the 2003 war and the impact of this negative impact on the oil industry and the annual resources of the general budget in Iraq.
2- Abundant reserves the fields of southern Iraq, such as giant field Rumaila South in (14,833.4) million barrel West Qurna field (13,013.3) million barrels, and North Rumaila (12,158) million barrels, as well as abundant reserves in thr fields producing crude oil and (66163) million barrels in 2009 compared to the accumulated output amounted to (16,954) million barrels for the same year in which a proportion of only 25% of the total reserve, and this confirms that the fields of the are pristine, despite the discovery of most of them in the middle of the twentieth century. This confirms the hypothesis at the point (1).
3- The diversity in oil densite in southern Iraq from oil-heavy degree of 22° - 24° API Knaft (field Artawi 21° API and the field of Abu west of 23° API) and the average 30 ° API Knaft (field Allhis 32° API and a field Halfaya 32° API) and light oil 34° Knaft API (the field of Nasiriyah 34° API and the North Rumaila field, 35° and 36° API Zubair Bin Umar 50° API) and the latter is lighter types of oils in the world. This diversity has given flexibility in the movement of export and sale prices at the barrel .
4- The province of Basra, occupied the first place in thr producing fields and non-producing or under development in southern Iraq, amounting to (14) field out of the total (28) fields and by 50% of the total producing fields and non-producing or under development and the number of reservoirs (56) which are 60% of the total reservoir of productive and unproductive in southern Iraq, amounting to (93) reservoir oil, the province of Maysan, and by 39%, 32% of the number of fields and reservoirs producing and non-productive or under development respectively, Dhi Qar was are anked the list, and by 11%, 8% the number of fields and reservoirs producing and non-producing or under development, respectively, until the year 2009.
5- Phases of the oil industry in southern Iraq from the drill up and manufacturing industries and service as well as the diversity are intearated the nature of the work of companies in the Southern Oil and Maysan Oil south, and service companies as the Iraqi Drilling, projects and oil tankers and petroleum products, and the hypothesis is confirmed by research at the point (2).
6 -Is the cost of producing a barrel from the fields of southern Iraq is the lowest globally, as it amounted to 1408.130 IQD This provides additional resources to the state in the case of increasing the amount of export of crude oil.
7 - The number of productive and non-producing or under development wells in southern Iraq are (1552) until 2009. (1508) afther are in productive fields dispersed on (15) productive oil fields and about (1064) productive wells and (290) wells for water injection and (37) wells, and (117) are wells assessment which is compared to a few. This indicates that oil exploration is still at the embryonic stage and that the amount of proven oil reserves will increase with future drilling of new wells.
8 -A large part of the natural gas produced of southern Iraq associated with crude is wasted burning because of the lack of stations CBS gas in southern Iraq and the (12) station only until the year 2009, for example, is produced from natural gas fields in southern Iraq in 2009 amounted to (2.87) billion standard cubic feet and the burning of it (1.63) billion standard cubic feet by 56.8% of the quantity produced. this is a waste of money on the national level.
9- The geographical distribution of the oil industry in southern Iraq, shows a lack of homogeneity for the units by, the focus around (70%) of the companies, the oil industry in the province of Basra and the number (5) companies and two distributed out of (8) companies and (6) branches, while the oil industry the remaining provinces of Maysan, Dhi Qar because the discovery of oil fields in Basra was early as fields Zubair and Rumaila North and South America and others, and which requires the establishment of companies, extractive and manufacturing and service companies because one of the conditions the oil industry is the integration.
10 - It became clear that the volume of links front and rear of the oil industry is significant , as it spreads to the provinces of central and northern Iraq as well as the existence of the complexity of industrial relations production and service between the companies of the oil industry in southern Iraq, and this confirms the hypothesis point (4).
11- It became clear from the study that there is an impact of development of the oil of industry on the economic sector in southern Iraq throuhg local purchases from the public and private sectors and the money spent in the markets of the south ,which reached 2009 (149,601.037) thousand dinars, and this underlines the point (3) the hypothesis of the research.
12- The amount of salary paid to the oil industry workers in southern Iraq (679,570.919) thousand dinars in 2009, while the amount of annual profits delivered to the workers and for the same year (288,907.340) thousand dinars.
13- The value of the annual revenues obtained by the companies of the oil industry (2,375,503.416) thousand dinars in 2009, compared to the amounts spent on projects investment plan annual and anchored mostly on private sector companies in southern Iraq The total allocations total oil industry in southern Iraq except oil company South (331766499122) dinars in 2009.
14- The following the development is clear in the oil industry on the service sector in southern Iraq, including the transport as it benefited the private transport sector of the presence of the oil industry in southern Iraq, with a total cars leased in 2009 about (8500) car of which (7500) for the transfer of petroleum products and the remaining for the transfer of labor in the oil industry and the amounts paid for the transfer of employees (17578.924) thousand dinars in 2009.
15- The oil industry in southern Iraq the health and education of the worker and his family as well as benefit to the nearby villages of in the sites of oil companies and residential quarters as the number of health centers (30) health centers staffed by (12) doctors and (45) nurses while the amounts spent on the purchase of medical materials (144367.137) dinars in 2009, was built (26) a variety of school until 2009.
16 - The oil industry reduction of unemployment in the south of Iraq through the recruitment temporary and permanent totaling (47399) them (37332) a permanent factor in 2009.
17- The oil industry contributed to increase in the construction of a number of housing units in southern Iraq in building (3411) housing units in various areas of southern Iraq, with an expansion of a future to build residential cities to house the workers of the oil industry in southern Iraq.
18- The oil industry (8) market in 2009 in residential units facilitie contain bakeries , oil and gas.
19 - The oil industry in southern Iraq helped in the development of cultural and artistic capacities through granting study leave to complete the study and to involve them in developmental courses to increase the productivity.
20- The oil industry did not neglect the entertainment and it became clear that through its creation of a range of services from recreational swimming pools, halls and sports clubs and football pitches and cultural centers and parks.
21- Impact is clear in the oil industry in southern Iraq on its infrastructure and in particular what was done by the Southern Oil Company development of the city of Basra from the rehabilitation of streets and forestation and rehabilitation of the squares and parks, monuments and building houses of worship and the establishment of sports arenas as well as what was done by Maysan Oil Company of the establishment of gardens and parks in the province of Maysan.
22- The Southern Oil Company provides support to health for Hospitals in Basra and the clubs in southern Iraq, with a range of services, material and financial resources provided by the company to the role of social welfare such as the Society of the Deaf and dumb in the province of Basra and the role of the elderly, the disabled and orphanages in the provinces of Basra, Maysan and Dhi Qar, as well as the support the cultural movement in the province of Basra and other aspects of other social concerns.
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