PLANNING AND URBAN
DESIGN STANDARDS
STUDENT EDITION
FREDERICK STEINER
KENT BUTLER
University of Texas at Austin
AMERICAN PLANNING
ASSOCIATION
EMINA SENDICH
Graphics Editor
WILEY
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC
2007
CONTENTS
Foreword viii
Preface ix
Acknowledgments x
Part 1
PLANS AND PLAN MAKING 1
PLAN MAKING 3
Plan Making 3
TYPES OF PLANS 6
Comprehensive Plans 6
Urban Design Plans 10
Regional Plans 14
Neighborhood Plans 16
Transportation Plans 18
Housing Plans 22
Economic Development Plans 25
Parks and Open-Space Plans 27
Critical and Sensitive Areas Plans 30
PARTICIPATION 32
Role of Participation 32
Stakeholder Identification 35
Surveys 37
Community Visioning 39
Charrettes 41
Public Meetings 43
Public Hearings 46
Computer-Based Public Participation 47
Part 2
ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
AND MANAGEMENT 49
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT OVERVIEW 51
Environmental Planning Considerations 51
AIR 53
Air Quality 53
Air Sheds 55
Heat Islands 57
WATER 59
Hydrologic Cycle 59
Watersheds 61
Aquifers 63
Rivers and Streams 65
Floodplains and Riparian Corridors 68
Wetlands 72
Beach and Dune Systems 74
Estuaries, Flats, and Marshes 77
LAND 79
Slope, Relief, and Aspect 79
Soils Classification and Mechanics 81
Habitat Patches, Corridors, and Matrix 83
Biodiversity Protection 85
HAZARDS 87
Flood Hazards 87
Erosion and Sedimentation 90
Hurricanes and Coastal Storms 93
Landslides 95
Sinkholes and Subsidence 98
Earthquakes 100
Wildfires 103
Hazardous Materials 105
Tsunamis and Seiches 108
Noise and Vibration 110
Part 3
STRUCTURES 117
BUILDING TYPES 119
Residential Types 119
Single-Family Detached 123
Single-Family Attached 124
Multifamily Low-Rise 125
Multifamily Mid-Rise 126
Multifamily High-Rise 127
Manufactured Housing 128
Office Buildings 130
Elementary, Middle, and High Schools 134
Medical Facilities 138
TRANSPORTATION 143
Sidewalks 143
Hierarchy of Streets and Roads 150
Street Networks and Street Connectivity 153
Vehicle Turning Radii 157
Traffic Calming 159
Pedestrian-Friendly Streets 163
Parking Lot Design 166
On-Street Bikeways 170
Multiuser Trails 172
Transit Systems 176
UTILITIES 182
Waste Management 182
Wastewater 184
Stormwater Runoff and Recharge 186
Water Supply 190
Wireless Infrastructure Overview 192
PARKS AND OPEN SPACE 194
Types of Parks 194
Greenways and Trails 200
Conservation Areas 204
Playgrounds 207
FARMING AND FORESTRY 212
Farms 212
Feedlots 215
Forestry 217
Part 4
PLACES AND PLACEMAKING 221
REGIONS 223
Regions 223
PLACES AND DISTRICTS 227
Neighborhoods 227
Neighborhood Centers 230
Historic Districts 233
Waterfronts 237
Arts Districts 242
Industrial Parks 244
Office Parks 246
Main Streets 248
DEVELOPMENT TYPES 251
Mixed-Use Development 251
Transit-Oriented Development 254
Conservation Development 257
Infill Development 260
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 262
Environmental Site Analysis 262
Urban Analysis 265
Scale and Density 270
Safety 274
Walkability 280
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design—LEED 283
Streetscape 286
Part 5
ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES 297
PROJECTIONS AND DEMAND
ANALYSIS 299
Population Projections 299
Economic Base and Econometric Projections 303
Housing Needs Assessment 305
Parks, Recreation, and Open-Space Needs Assessment 308
IMPACT ASSESSMENT 310
Environmental Impact Assessment 310
Fiscal Impact Assessment 314
Traffic Impact Studies 317
MAPPING 320
Mapping Data Overview 320
Aerial Photographs and Digital Orthophoto Quadrangles 322
U.S. Geological Survey Topographic Maps 323
Property Maps in Modern Cadastres 328
Census Data and Demographic Mapping 329
Remote Sensing and Satellite Image Classification 331
Geographic Information Systems 333
VISUALIZATION 336
Visualization Overview 336
Montage Visualization 338
Three-Dimensional Visualization 340
Visual Preference Techniques 342
Part 6
IMPLEMENTATION TECHNIQUES 345
LEGAL FOUNDATIONS 347
Planning Law Overview 347
Property Rights, Police Power, Nuisance, and Vested Rights 348
Due Process and Equal Protection 350
Freedom of Religion and Expression 352
Eminent Domain,Takings, and Exactions 355
Federal Legislation 358
State Enabling Legislation 362
Zoning Regulation 364
Subdivision Regulation 368
Planned Unit Development 370
Innovations in Local Zoning Regulations 372
Sign Regulation 375
GROWTH MANAGEMENT 377
Adequate Public Facilities and Concurrency Management 377
Urban Growth Areas 379
Development Impact Fees 382
Transfer and Purchase of Development Rights 383
PRESERVATION, CONSERVATION, AND REUSE 384
Open-Space Preservation Techniques 384
Farmland Preservation 386
Land Evaluation and Site Assessment 389
Viewshed Protection 390
Historic Structures 395
Brownfields 399
ECONOMIC AND REAL ESTATE
DEVELOPMENT 401
Capital Improvement Programs 401
Tax Increment Financing 403
Financing Methods and Techniques 406
Financial Planning and Analysis:The Pro Forma 409
Resources 415
Planning Resources 429
Graphic Symbols and Drawing Annotations 430
Index 431
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