WORLD REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY
JOSEPH J. HOBBS
University of Missouri
Cartography by Andrew Dolan
SIXTH EDITION
Brooks/Cole
Australia ■ Mexico ■ Singapore ■ Spain ■ United Kingdom ■ United States ■ Japan ■ Korea
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1
OBJECTIVES AND TOOLS OF WORLD
REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY 1
1.1 Welcome to World Regional Geography 1
1.2 The Language of Maps 7
1.3 New Geographic Technologies and Careers 12
Insights Core Location and Peripheral Location 9
CHAPTER 2
PHYSICAL PROCESSES THAT SHAPE
WORLD REGIONS 19
2.1 Geologic Processes and Landforms 20
2.2 Patterns of Climate and Vegetation 22
2.3 Biodiversity 30
2.4 The World’s Oceans 3
2.5 Global Environmental Change 32
Geography of Energy The Kyoto Protocol 36
CHAPTER 3
HUMAN PROCESSES THAT SHAPE
WORLD REGIONS 39
3.1 Two Revolutions That Have Changed
the Earth 40
3.2 The Geography of Development 42
3.3 The Geography of Population 62
3.4 Addressing Global Problems 62
Insights Globalization: The Process
and the Backlash 47
Insights The Fuelwood Crisis 48
Insights The Second Law of Thermodynamics 62
CHAPTER 4
A GEOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF EUROPE 67
4.1 Area and Population 68
4.2 Physical Geography and Human Adaptations 74
4.3 Cultural and Historical Geographies 79
4.4 Economic Geography 85
4.5 Geopolitical Issues 87
Insights Site and Situation 71
Regional Perspective Europe’s Immigration Issues 73
Insights Devolution 83
Insights Genetically Modified Foods and “Food Fights” 89
MODULE 4.1 MODULE 4.1
THE EUROPEAN CORE 96
4.1.1 The British Isles 98
4.1.2 France: Vive la Différence! 107
4.1.3 Great Germany 112
4.1.4 Benelux: Tolerance and Trade
in the Low Countries 114
4.1.5 Switzerland and Austria: Prosperous
Mountain Fastness 117
Insights Hedgerows 102
Geographic Spotlight London Town 103
Geography of Energy Europe’s Energy Alternatives 104
Insights The Primate City 111
Insights The Polder 115
MODULE 4.2 MODULE 4.2
THE EUROPEAN PERIPHERY 121
4.2.1 Northern Europe: Prosperous, Wild,
and Wired 122
4.2.2 Southern Europe: The Mediterranean World 129
4.2.3 Eastern Europe: Out from Behind the Curtain 136
Problem Landscape Save the Whales . . .
for Dinner 123
Ethnic Geography The Basque Country 132
The World’s Great Rivers The Danube 138
Ethnic Geography The Roma 140
CHAPTER 5
A GEOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF RUSSIA
AND THE NEAR ABROAD 151
5.1 Area and Population 152
5.2 Physical Geography and Human Adaptations 153
5.3 Cultural and Historical Geographies 161
5.4 Economic Geography 167
5.5 Geopolitical Issues 171
Insights Regional Names of Russia
and the Near Abroad 154
Insights The Russian Cross 156
The World’s Great Rivers The Volga 160
Insights Russia and Other Land Empires 164
Geography of the Sacred Stalingrad 166
Problem Landscape Chechnya 173
Geography of Energy Oil in the Caspian Basin 176
MODULE 5.1 MODULE 5.1
FRAGMENTATION AND REDEVELOPMENT IN
RUSSIA AND THE NEAR ABROAD 182
5.1.1 Peoples and Nations of the Fertile Triangle 183
5.1.2 Agriculture and Industry in the Russian Core 190
5.1.3 The Russian Far East 193
5.1.4 The Northern Lands of Russia 194
5.1.5 The Caucasus 199
5.1.6 The Central Asian Countries 201
Geographic Spotlight The Sex Trade 187
Problem Landscape Nuclear Waste in Russia’s
High Arctic 196
CHAPTER 6
A GEOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE MIDDLE
EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 208
6.1 Area and Population 209
6.2 Physical Geography and Human Adaptations 210
6.3 Cultural and Historical Geographies 221
6.4 Economic Geography 228
6.5 Geopolitical Issues 229
Perspectives from the Field Way-Finding
in the Desert 218
Geography of the Sacred Jerusalem 223
Insights Sunni and Shiite Muslims 227
Geography of Energy Middle Eastern Oil Pipelines 230
Geography of Terrorism What Does al-Qa’ida
Want? 236
MODULE 6.1 MODULE 6.1
THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH
AFRICA: MODERN STRUGGLES
IN AN ANCIENT LAND 240
6.1.1 The Arab-Israeli Conflict and Its Setting 241
6.1.2 Egypt: The Gift of the Nile 251
6.1.3 Sudan: Bridge between the Middle East
and Africa 253
6.1.4 Libya: Deserts, Oil, and a Reformed Survivor 255
6.1.5 Northwestern Africa: The Maghreb 256
6.1.6 The Gulf Oil Region 258
6.1.7 Turkey: Where East Meets West 269
6.1.8 Rugged, Strategic, Devastated Afghanistan 271
Problem Landscape Land for Peace 245
Ethnic Geography The Kurds 265
Insights Land Mines 274
CHAPTER 7
A GEOGRAPHIC PROFILE
OF MONSOON ASIA 278
7.1 Area and Population 279
7.2 Physical Geography and Human Adaptations 280
7.3 Cultural and Historical Geographies 289
7.4 Economic Geography 297
7.5 Geopolitical Issues 301
Geographic Spotlight China’s One-Child Policy 286
Insights Shifting Cultivation 289
Geography of the Sacred The Korean Village 290
Geography of the Sacred The Sacred Cow 294
Insights Outsourcing 300
Geography of Energy The Spratly Islands 302
MODULE 7.1 MODULE 7.1
COMPLEX AND POPULOUS SOUTH ASIA 309
7.1.1 The Cultural Foundation 310
7.1.2 Geographic Consequences of Colonialism
and Partition 312
7.1.3 Natural Regions and Resources 314
7.1.4 India: Power, Courage, and Confidence 320
7.1.5 Pakistan: Faith, Unity, and Discipline 326
7.1.6 Vulnerable Bangladesh 328
7.1.7 Nepal and Bhutan: Mountain Kingdoms 328
7.1.8 Sri Lanka: Resplendent and Troubled 330
7.1.9 The Laid-Back, Low-Lying Maldives 331
Problem Landscape Kashmir 314
The World’s Great Rivers Indus, Ganges,
Brahmaputra 316
Regional Perspective Keeping Malthus at Bay 321
Insights The Caste System 325
MODULE 7.2 MODULE 7.2
SOUTHEAST ASIA: FROM SUBSISTENCE
FARMING TO SEMICONDUCTORS 334
7.2.1 Area, Population, and Environment 335
7.2.2 Livelihood Patterns 337
7.2.3 Myanmar (Burma) 344
7.2.4 Thailand 347
7.2.5 Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos 349
7.2.6 Malaysia and Singapore 355
7.2.7 Indonesia and Timor-Leste 357
7.2.8 The Philippines 360
Natural Hazards The Great Tsunami of 2004 340
Insights Rubber 342
Regional Perspective The Association of Southeast
Asian Nations (ASEAN) 345
Regional Perspective Sex, Drugs, and Health in
Southeast Asia 346
Ethnic Geography The Boat People 351
The World’s Great Rivers The Mekong 353
Problem Landscape The Balkanization
of Indonesia? 360
MODULE 7.3 MODULE 7.3
CHINA: THE GIANT 365
7.3.1 Accomplishment, Subjugation, and Revolution 366
7.3.2 The Setting 367
7.3.3 Issues in Chinese Agriculture 375
7.3.4 China’s Industrial Geography 379
7.3.5 China’s Urban and Transportation Geography 383
7.3.6 Taiwan 387
7.3.7 Mongolia 388
Regional Perspective The Silk Road 371
Ethnic Geography Han Colonization
of China’s “Wild West” 372
Problem Landscape The Three Gorges Dam 376
Medical Geography Deadly Viruses:
Origins and Diffusion 380
Insights Mao’s Cultural Revolution 383
MODULE 7.4 MODULE 7.4
JAPAN AND THE KOREAS: ADVERSITY AND
PROSPERITY IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC 391
7.4.1 The Japanese Homeland 392
7.4.2 Historical Background 398
7.4.3 Japan’s Postwar Miracle 401
7.4.4 Japanese Industry 403
7.4.5 The Industrious People behind
Japanese Industry 403
7.4.6 Unfortunately Located Korea 406
7.4.7 Contrasts between the Two Koreas 408
7.4.8 Sunshine for Korea? 411
Natural Hazards Living on the Ring of Fire 396
Insights The Law of the Sea 407
CHAPTER 8
A GEOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF OCEANIA 414
8.1 Area and Population 415
8.2 Physical Geography and Human Adaptations 416
8.3 Cultural and Historical Geographies 422
8.4 Economic Geography 428
8.5 Geopolitical Issues 430
Insights Deforestation and the Decline
of Easter Island 423
Perspectives from the Field Aborigines and
Missionaries in Northwestern Australia 426
Regional Perspective Foreign Militaries in the Pacific:
A Mixed Blessing 430
MODULE 8.1 MODULE 8.1
AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND: PROSPEROUS
AND NO LONGER SO REMOTE 435
8.1.1 Peoples and Populations 436
8.1.2 The Australian Environment 437
8.1.3 Australia’s Natural Resource-Based Economy 442
8.1.4 New Zealand: Pastoral and Urban 447
8.1.5 Antarctica: The White Continent 450
Ethnic Geography Australia’s Indigenous People
Reclaim Rights to the Land 438
Biogeography Exotic Species on the
Island Continent 442
Regional Perspective Australia and New Zealand:
Less British, More Asian-Pacific 448
CHAPTER 9
A GEOGRAPHIC PROFILE
OF SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 454
9.1 Area and Population 455
9.2 Physical Geography and Human Adaptations 457
9.3 Cultural and Historical Geographies 467
9.4 Economic Geography 473
9.5 Geopolitical Issues 481
Medical Geography HIV and AIDS in Africa 464
Regional Perspective The Great Rift Valley 466
Insights Africa’s Greatest Conservationist 468
Biogeography Crop and Livestock Introductions:
“The Curse of Africa” 476
Problem Landscape Cleaning Up the
Dirty Diamonds 478
Insights Microcredit 479
MODULE 9.1
THE ASSETS AND AFFLICTIONS
OF THE SUB-SAHARAN COUNTRIES 485
9.1.1 The Sahel: On the Shore of a Great Desert 486
9.1.2 West Africa: Populous and Struggling to Leave
Strife Behind 489
9.1.3 West Central Africa: Colonial
“Heart of Darkness” 494
9.1.4 East Africa: Mauled but Healing 498
9.1.5 The Horn of Africa: Refuge for Judaism,
Christianity, Islamist Militancy 502
9.1.6 Southern Africa: Resource-Rich, Finally Free 506
9.1.7 The Indian Ocean Islands: Former Edens 515
Regional Perspective Drought and Desertification
in the Sahel 488
Problem Landscape The Poor, Oil-Rich Delta
of Nigeria 491
Natural Hazards Deadly Lakes 496
CHAPTER 10
A GEOGRAPHIC PROFILE
OF LATIN AMERICA 521
10.1 Area and Population 522
10.2 Physical Geography and Human Adaptations 527
10.3 Cultural and Historical Geographies 531
10.4 Economic Geography 538
10.5 Geopolitical Issues 546
Natural Hazards El Niño 532
Insights Fair Trade Fruits 540
Problem Landscape The Troubled Fields
of Land Reform 542
Regional Perspective The North American
Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 544
Geography of Drug Trafficking The War
on Drugs 548
MODULE 10.1 MODULE 10.1
MIDDLE AMERICA:
LAND OF THE SHAKING EARTH 553
10.1.1 Mexico: Higher and Further 554
10.1.2 Central America: Beyond Banana Republics 561
10.1.3 The Caribbean Islands: From Rastafari
and Reggae to Baseball and Communism 565
Regional Perspective The Panama Canal 564
MODULE 10.2 MODULE 10.2
SOUTH AMERICA: STIRRING GIANT 572
10.2.1 The Andean Countries: Lofty and Troubled 573
10.2.2 Brazil: Populous Rain-Forested Giant 581
10.2.3 The Southern Midlatitude Countries:
South America’s “Down Under” 590
Geography of Energy Venezuela’s
Petroleum Politics 575
The World’s Great River The Amazon, Its Forest,
and Its People 582
Insights The Versatile Soybean 589
CHAPTER 11
A GEOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE UNITED
STATES AND CANADA 597
11.1 Area and Population 598
11.2 Physical Geography and Human Adaptations 601
11.3 Cultural and Historical Geographies 607
11.4 Economic Geography 617
11.5 Geopolitical Issues 626
Geographic Spotlight The Modern-Day
Slave Trade 601
Natural Hazards Nature’s Wrath in the
United States 602
Geography of Energy Energy Alternatives
in the United States 619
Insights Trade Barriers and Subsidies 623
MODULE 11.1 MODULE 11.1
CANADA: FROM SEA TO SEA 630
11.1.1 Canada’s General Traits 631
11.1.2 Atlantic Canada: Hardscrabble Living 631
11.1.3 Canada’s Core Region: Ontario and Québec 635
11.1.4 The Prairie Region: Oil, Wheat,
and Wilderness 637
11.1.5 The Vancouver Region and British Columbia 638
11.1.6 The North: Lots of Land, Few People 639
11.1.7 Greenland: A White Land 643
Problem Landscape Overfished Waters 634
Problem Landscape The Québec Separatist
Movement 636
Problem Landscape Arctic Dreams 642
MODULE 11.2 MODULE 11.2
THE UNITED STATES: OUT OF MANY, ONE 646
11.2.1 The Northeast: Center of Power 647
11.2.2 The South: Dixieland 655
11.2.3 The Midwest: Big River Country 662
11.2.4 The West: Booming and Thirsty 670
11.2.5 Alaska and Hawaii: The Newest States 680
Insights Adaptive Reuse and Gentrification 656
Natural Hazards Hurricane Katrina
and Its Aftermath 664
Geographic Spotlight The Changing Geography
of American Settlement 668
Geography of Energy The Arctic National
Wildlife Refuge 683
Glossary G-1
Pronunciation Guide PG-1
Index I-1
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